Estimated prevalence of exposure to occupational carcinogens in Australia 2011,ralph lauren salg
Over 165 occupational carcinogens have been identified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).1 In addition,outlet ralph lauren, 18 occupations (eg,ralph lauren, painter) or exposure circumstances (eg,ralph lauren mujer, firefighting) have been associated with an excess
risk of cancer. Exposures to these carcinogens contribute significantly to the burden of cancer,ralph lauren barato, with a recent study in the
UK estimating that 8.2% of all cancers in men and 2.3% in women were related to occupation.2 Occupational exposures are of particular concern as,ralph lauren skjorte, unlike lifestyle exposures such as diet and alcohol,ralph lauren oslo, they are encountered
involuntarily and are commonly of greater magnitude than exposures in the general environment,ralph lauren uk.3 Such exposures are also more likely to be amenable to risk reduction by implementing controls in the workplace rather than
by changing individual behaviour,ralph lauren nettbutikk.4
Past studies of workplace exposures have contributed greatly to our understanding of carcinogens and cancer aetiology.5 However,ralph lauren, significant knowledge gaps still exist regarding the actual extent of exposure among workers in many countries,
including Australia,ralph lauren, as well as the trends in exposure over time. National exposure surveillance is not widely carried out
in Australia,ralph lauren mujer, meaning that routinely collected population based data concerning the prevalence and extent of exposure are
not available,ralph lauren.6 Those studies that have investigated the prevalence of occupational exposure have generally focused on specific exposures
(eg,ralph lauren norge nettbutikk, benzene)7 or particular high risk industries (eg,ralph lauren outlet, aluminium production industry),8 rather than investigating a range of occupational exposures across the whole working population. This means that the carcinogens
encountered by workers in other industries (eg, prevalence of diesel exposure among farmers) and from unstudied carcinogenic
agents have likely been underestimated.9 Additionally,polo ralph lauren, many studies have relied on job title alone as an indicator of exposure,ralph lauren madrid, despite the probability of considerable
variability in exposure within the same job title or occupation,ralph lauren madrid.10
In the USA,ralph lauren polo shirts, national occupational exposure data based on site visits to industrial facilities are available through the National
Occupational Exposure Survey11; however, these data have not been updated since 1990. In addition,polo ralph lauren, national exposure databases using the CARcinogen EXposure
(CAREX) model are available in Canada,ralph lauren usa,12 Finland13 and Costa Rica.14 The extent to which these exposure assessments can be applied to workers in other countries is unclear,ralph lauren london, particularly where
the exposure circumstances are clearly different. For example,ralph lauren skjorte, estimates of solar ultraviolet radiation exposure obtained
from Finland15 are likely to result in an underestimate of exposure when applied to Australia. In addition,ralph lauren, the carcinogenic agents to which
workers may feasibly be exposed vary between countries,cheap ralph lauren, with differences in, for example,ralph lauren london, manufacturing processes and legislation
concerning the use of certain chemicals,ralph lauren salg.
An alternative,ralph lauren norge nettbutikk, more standardised exposure assessment method that may be used in large scale,ralph lauren polo shirts, community based studies is the
job exposure matrix (JEM). These matrices assign exposures based on a cross tabulation of job titles and agents,ralph lauren, with the
measure of exposure being dichotomous (ever vs never exposed) or ordinal (categories of exposure).16 A quantitative JEM (assigning levels of exposure) has also recently been developed for use in community based studies,ralph lauren,17 ,polo ralph lauren,18 although this may not be applicable to Australia. Further, a limitation of JEMs is that they typically allocate the same
assessment to all workers with the same job title,19 despite the fact that exposures may vary widely between workers.20
相关的主题文章:
- ?mod=spacecp&ac=blog&blogid=
- ?mod=spacecp&ac=blog&blogid=
- ?mod=spacecp&ac=blog&blogid=
- ?mod=spacecp&ac=blog&blogid=
- ?mod=spacecp&ac=blog&blogid=
- /User:Maria4024#ralph_lauren_outlet-Backed_Life_Sciences_Companies_Get_Fresh
- ?mod=spacecp&ac=blog&blogid=
